![]() ![]() ![]() Cultivated seaweeds use carbon dioxides from other refinery sources and the sun to sequester carbon within their biomass and are therefore regarded as a carbon sequestration tool when converted into a stable form of carbon such as biochar. Seaweeds can be harvested either through cultivation or from a natural source. In addition, if properly implemented, seaweeds could provide a sustainable circular bioeconomy strategy (Barbier et al. 1, seaweeds can address problems associated with climate change, bioenergy generation, agriculture, food consumption, animal and human health, useful chemicals, bioactive ingredients, and coastal management. Seaweeds are a rich source of unutilised biomass that can be used to address global challenges when cultivated using sustainable methods. Due to the biogenic origin of biomass, carbon dioxide emissions from bioprocesses do not contribute to a rise in atmospheric carbon dioxide levels (Tursi 2019 Osman et al. This may also involve the use of alternative renewable green energy sources.īiomass biorefining for the production of diverse products, such as human food, animal feed, biochemicals, and bioenergy, through eco-innovative and sustainable bioprocess systems, is associated with sustainable development goals (Heimann 2019). To sustain these issues while simultaneously reducing negative effects on the ecosystem and preserving natural bioresources, deploying renewable biomass as a substitute for fossil fuels requires immediate and widespread adoption policies (Osman et al. Our planet faces several challenges, including climate change, rapid population growth, food shortages, and rising demand for bioactive compounds derived from nature in various aspects of life (Chen et al. Seaweeds contain valuable bioactive molecules that could be applied as antimicrobial, antioxidant, antiviral, antifungal, anticancer, contraceptive, anti-inflammatory, anti-coagulants, and in other cosmetics and skincare products. 500 gigatonnes of seaweeds could replace nearly 40% of the current soy protein production. Nearly 90% of carbon is sequestered by exporting biomass to deep water, while the remaining 10% is buried in coastal sediments. Globally, seaweeds could sequester between 61 and 268 megatonnes of carbon per year, with an average of 173 megatonnes. Therefore, here we review seaweed biorefineries with focus on seaweed production, economical benefits, and seaweed use as feedstock for anaerobic digestion, biochar, bioplastics, crop health, food, livestock feed, pharmaceuticals and cosmetics. Nonetheless, seaweeds use in several biorefineries is still in the infancy stage compared to terrestrial plants-based lignocellulosic biomass. For instance, the use of seaweeds as feedstocks can reduce our reliance on fossil fuel resources, ensure the synthesis of cost-effective and eco-friendly products and biofuels, and develop sustainable biorefinery processes. The development and recycling of biomass production can partly solve issues of energy, climate change, population growth, food and feed shortages, and environmental pollution. ![]()
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